Soil Moisture Sensor Experiment

Objective:

• To Calibrate Auto-farm Sensor
• To measure humidity , temperature by auto farm sensor

Need Of Project :

• Farmers spend endless hours of driving to their field to check on their crops and manually operate the irrigation systems.
• This is time and labor intense with significant costs to the farmers and sub-optimal use of expensive resources.

Application:

1. Its low man power & chief labour cost.
2. Measuring soil moisture is important for Agricultural applications to help farmers manage their Irrigatin System more efficiently.
3. Knowing the exact soil moisture conditions on their fields, not only are farmers able to generally use less water to grow a crop.
4. they are also able to increase yields and the quality of the crop by improved management of soil moisture during critical plant growth stages.
5. It should to calculted by soil moisture, temerature, and humidity.

Types Of Sensor :

1. Soil Moisture Sensor
2. Temperature Sensor
3. Humidity sensor.

1] Moisture: The Amount of water vapour present in the air is called as moisture.

2] Bulk Density : It is weight of soil in given volume.

• Bulk density increases with compaction and tends to increase depth
• bulk density higher than 1.6 gm/cc tends to ristrict root growth

Humidity:

Define: It is amount of water vapour present in air

• Ideal relative humidity for health is about 40-50 %

WATER HOLDING CAPACITY

Sr.No.	TYPES OF SAMPLE	WATER (ml)	SOIL (gm)	WHC(%)
1	Black Soil	100	50	38
2	Red Soil	100	50	32

• 

Procedure:

1. Took 100ml of water is added to a 50 gm of soil in funnel.
2. To hold the soil in some amount of water.
3. Available water is the difference between field capacity which is the maximum amount of water the soil can hold soil.
4. Water holding capacity is the total amount of water a soil can hold at field capacity.
5. Sandy soils tend to have a low water storage capacity
6. Clay soil tends to have a high water storage capacity.
7. Structure and depth of crop roots affect access to available water

Bulk Density:

By Using Volumetric Method:

Define:It is defined as the weight of soil in given volume

Formula: Bulk Density=wt. of wet soil(gm)/soil volume(cm^3)

• weight of wet soil=197.3 gm
• volume of soil = 150 cc

B.D=197.3 gm/150 cc

=1.3 gm/cc

Core Cutter Instrument:

Specification:

• length of core cutter=76.3 mm
• the inner diameter of core cutter=5.5 cm
• the outer diameter of core cutter=6.5 cm
• the thickness of cutter=2.5 mm
• Height of dolly= 15 mm

Why Used This Method

• This is used for the determination of dry density of natural soil.
• A cylindrical cutter is used to extract a sample of the soil with the help of a dolly and rammer.
• the weight, density, and moisture of the soil are readily calculated.
• It should have more accuracy

Calculation:

• The volume of core cutter=45.29 cc
• The weight of soil in core cutter=238 g

Bulk density Of Soil =Weight of soil in core cutter/ volume of core cutter

= 238/45.29

= 1.4 gm/cc

Autofarm VS Hygrometer Reading On Date 06/06/2109

Hygrometer:

• Hygrometer instrument used in meteorological science to measure the relative humidity or amount of water vapor in the air.
• The most common type of hygrometer, which is called a psychrometer, 
• It uses two thermometers: one with a wet bulb and one with a dry bulb. 

Hygrometer ( for 300ml of water)

Time	temperature ^C	Humidity %
3.42	35.8	63.6
3.47	36.1	74.8
3.52	36.4	77.2
3.57	36.4	57
4.02	36.2	57.2
4.07	36	56.2
4.12	36	56.7
4.17	35.7	55.5
4.22	35.8	54.2
4.27	35.6	55.8
4.32	35.2	56
4.37	35.4	56.7
4.42	35.4	55.5
4.47	35.1	54.5
4.52	35	53.6
4.57	34.6	55.1
5.02	34.7	53.9
for Added 150ml of water
5.02	34.3	51
5.12	33.44	79.20
5.17	33.6	83.7
5.22	33.13	87.38
5.27	33.19	88.16
5.32	33.13	86.79
5.37	32.94	87.75
5.42	32.90	84.35
5.47	32.75	84.07
5.52	32.63	77.37

Autofarm Reading

Time	Temperature	Humidity
3.50	36.9	46.46
3.55	35.81	75.26
4.00	35.44	76.58
4.05	35.38	68.3
4.10	35.31	71.20
4:15	35.38	73.76
4:20	35.38	74.55
4:25	35.30	69.34
4:30	35.6	71.41
4:35	35	72.80
4:40	34.94	72.6
For 150 ml of water added
5:07	34.3	51
5:12	33.44	79.20
5:17	33.6	83.7
5:22	33.13	87.38
5:27	33.19	88.16
5:32	33.13	86.79
5:37	32.94	87.75
5:42	32.90	84.35
5:47	32.75	84.07
5:52	35.63	77.37

Humidity Reading On date 21/06/2019

Time	Net Humidity	Actual Sensor Outside	Temperature
10:13	53	62	31
10:50	51	60	32
11:00	49	58	32
11:40	45	56	33
12:06	43	53	33
12:50	42	51	34
1:30	41	51	34
2:00	41	51	33
2:30	41	51	33
3:00	42	51	32
3:54	46	53	34

On Date 22/06/2019

Time	Hygrometer	Google Hum.	Outside Sensor
11:45	51.2	63	63
12:00	51.7	63	60
12:15	53.6	63	64
12:30	54.3	63	67
12:45	56	63	67
1:00	56.9	63	67
1:15	59.2	82	68
1:30	87	82	92

Box Making:

1. Its store the water about 500ml
2. Its deep sleeve & insert the humidity Sensor due to capillary action

Specification:  

1. length of box = 200 mm
2. height of box= 62.5 mm
3. width of box= 40 mm

Volume Of Box= 200*62.5*40

=500 ml

Conclusion:

The readings are almost close on net & Autofarm

Soil Testing

• Increases productivity by identifying soil nutrients or soil chemical factors that are limiting plant growth;
• Increases fertilizer use efficiency by indicating appropriate rates for different soils and crops;
• Protects the environment by preventing over fertilization;
• Identifies polluted or contaminated soils

Five Tested Soil Completed:

1. PH
2. EC
3. Organic Carbon (OC)
4. Nitroge (N)
5. Phosphorus(P)
6. Potassium(K)

PH :

1. Took 10 gm of the soil sample in a beaker
2. Adding 20 ml distilled water
3. set machine about 2.85-2.88 Calibrated
4. After detecting PH

Electric conductivity:

1. Took 10 gm of the soil sample in a beaker
   
2. Adding 20 ml distilled water
3. Set machine about 1.47-1.48 Calibrated
4. After detecting EC

Organic Carbon: (OC)

1. Took .50 gm soil sample
2. Took 4 ml solution in bottle No.4
3. Took 8 ml solution in Bot. No 5
4. Set about 1/2 hrs Solution
5. After Added 38 ml distilled Water
6. Filter Solution
7. Took reading on nagarjun soil machine

Nitrogen: N

1. Took .50 gm soil sample
2. Took 4 ml solution in bottle No.4
3. Took 8 ml solution in Bot. No 5
4. Set about 1/2 hrs Solution
5. After Added 38 ml distilled Water
6. Filter Solution
7. Took reading on nagarjun soil machine

Phosphrous: P

1. Took 1 gm soil in test tube
2. Took .20 gm of powder in Bottle No. 6
3. Added 20 ml solution in Bottle No. 7 And Shakig About 1/2 hrs
4. After filter solution
5. Took 5 ml filter solution in test tube
6. added 1 ml of solution in bottle No. 9
7. Added 4 ml stock soultion -A
8. added 25 ml DW
9. took Reading

Potassium : K

1. Took 2 gm saoil sample
2. Took 10 ml solution in bottle No. 12 & Shaking 5 min
3. Ater filter solutio
4. Took 1 ml filter solution
5. Added 2 ml stock solution-B & Added 1 ml Stock Soultion-C

Report:

Farmer Name: Balubai Choudhari

PH	EC(ms/cm)	OC(%)	N(kg/ha)	P(kg/ha)	K(kg/ha)
7.10	.46	.76	153.6	51.83	15.17

Conclusion:

1. PH is very good. but
2. The NPK is very less present in the soil