To study reduce the clogging of drip with the help of chemigation process

Title- To study reduce the clogging of drip with the help of chemigation process.

Introduction

Lime softening, also known as Clark’s process, is a type of water treatment used for water softening which uses the addition of limewater (calcium hydroxide) to remove hardness(calcium and magnesium) ions by precipitation.Lime softening was first used in 1841 to treat Thames River water. The process expanded in use as the bactericidal effect of the process was discovered. Lime softening greatly expanded in use during the early 1900s as industrial water use expanded. As lime in the form of limewater is added to raw water, the pH is raised and the equilibrium of carbonate species in the water is shifted. Dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) is changed into bicarbonate and then carbonate. This action causes calcium carbonate to precipitate due to exceeding the solubility product. Additionally, magnesium can be precipitated as magnesium hydroxide in a double displacement reaction.In the process both the calcium (and to an extent magnesium) in the raw water as well as the calcium added with the lime are precipitated. This is in contrast to ion exchange softening where sodium is exchanged for calcium and magnesium ions. In lime softening, there is a substantial reduction in total dissolved solids (TDS) whereas in ion exchange softening, there is no significant change in the level of TDS .Lime softening can also be used to remove iron, manganese, radium and arsenic from water.

Objectives

To study the root cause of clogging problems into drip irrigation.
To find find out the preventive methods for clogging problem.
To design and suggest preventive treatment for Vigyan Ashram drip irrigation system.
To document a SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) for above system.

29/03/2022

Firstly I’m checked the total hardness, permanent hardness and temporary hardness of water.

To estimate the amount of total hardness present in the given sample of water by EDTA ( Ethylenediamine Tetra Acid) titration method.

Apparatus required:

50 ml Burette, 20 ml Pipette, 250 ml Conical flask, 100 ml Beaker, 250 mlbeaker, Glass funnel.

Reagents:

EDTA solution, Standard CaCO3 solution, Eriochrome BlackT indicator, Buffersolution.

Theory:

EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid) forms colorless stable complexes with Ca2+and Mg2+ions present in water at pH = 9-10. To maintain the pH of the solution at 9-10, buffersolution (NH4Cl + NH4OH) is used. Eriochrome Black-T (E.B.T) is used as an indicator.The sample of hard water must be treated with buffer solution and EBT indicator which formsunstable, wine-red colored complex s with Ca2+ and Mg2+ present in water .

Procedure:

1. Standardization of EDTA

(i) Pipette out 20 ml of standard hard water into a conical flask.

(ii) Add 5 ml of buffer solution and few drops of Eriochrome Black-T. The indicator, which is

originally blue color would acquire a wine-red color.

(iii) Titrate with EDTA solution taken in the burette, till the wine red color changes to blue

which is the end point. Let the burette reading of EDTA be V2 ml.

2. Determination of Total hardness

Repeat the above titration method for sample hard water instead of standard hard water. Let the

burette reading of EDTA be V3 ml.

3. Determination of Permanent hardness

Take 100 ml of sample hard water in 250 ml beaker. Boil it to remove temporary hardness to

about half of this volume and cool to room temperature. Filter through filter paper to remove

insoluble CaCO3 and MgCO3. Make up the volume to the original 100 ml by adding distilled

water. Now pipette out 20 ml of this solution into a clean conical flask. Then repeat the process

of titration steps as mentioned above. Let the burette reading of EDTA be V4 ml.

Observations :

Data	Burette Reading ( ml )
V1 ( Volume of standard hard water in conical flask )	20 ml
V2 ( Volume of EDTA consumed )	27.7 ml
V3 ( Volume of sample hard water in conical flask)	3.4 ml
V4 (Volume of sample hard water in conical flask )	3.1 ml

Table no1: Observations

Calculations1: Standardization of EDTA
M1V1 = M2V2
Where, M1 = Molarity of standard hard water = 0.002
V1 = Volume of standard hard water in conical flask
M2 = Molarity of EDTA = 0.001
V2 = Volume of EDTA consumed (burette reading)
Calculation 2: Determination of Total hardness
M2V2 = M3V3
Where, M3 = Total hardness of sample water =0.0081
V1 = Volume of sample hard water in conical flask3.
Determination of Permanent hardness
M2V2 = M4V4
Where, M4= Permanent hardness of sample water = 0.0089
V4 = Volume of sample hard water in conical flask.
Calculation 3 : Determination of Temporary hardness
Temporary hardness = Total hardness – Permanent hardness = 0.0081 – 0.0089 = 0.0008 x 10 5 = 80 ppm
Result: The hardness of the given water sample
Total hardness = 81 ppm
Permanent hardness = 89 ppm
Temporary hardness = 80 ppm

12/04/2022-17/04/2022

In Clark’s water softening method, hard water is treated with Ca(OH)2 (slaked lime). Calcium hydroxide is Clark’s reagent. It removes the hardness of water by converting bicarbonates into carbonate. Water softening by Clarke’s process uses calcium hydroxide (lime)

TDS check by each 10 min by using 0.05g of LIME (Calcium Hydroxide) and created graph from it.

Time	LIME (Calcium Hydroxide) in g of mg	TDS
11:55AM-12:05PM	0.05g	185
12:05PM-12:15PM	0.05g	157
12:15PM-12:25PM	0.05g	148
12:25PM-12:35PM	0.05g	252
12:35PM-12:45PM	0.05g	426
12:45PM-12:55PM	0.05g	534

Table no: 2

Then boil water and check the TDS of tap/ normal water.

TDS before boiling – 182ppm

TDS after boiling –176ppm

15/04/2022

Then checked the TDS of the water in the well is as follows:

TDS before boiling –205ppm

TDS after boiling –200ppm

20/04/2022

TDS meter calibration procedure:

1PPM=1mg=0.001gm

1000PPM=1000mg=1gm

1gm of Nacl for l lit of distilled water

For 342PPM = 342mg =0.0342gm of Nacl

For 500PPM = 500mg =0.05gm of Nacl

For 1000PPM = 1000mg =0.1gm of Nacl

For 1500PPM = 1500mg =0.15gm of Nacl

For 2000PPM = 2000mg =0.2gm of Nacl

Readings of calibration

Standard solution	Reading
342PPM	336PPM
500PPM	457PPM
1000PPM	846PPM
15000PPM	1450PPM
2000PPM	1897PPM

Table no 3 : calibrating tds reading

According to the above data, the graph is as follows:

Calibration-graph Download

Observations:

After calibrating the TDS meter, the TDS of the sample water is as follows:

Hardwater TDS is also 401PPM.

Well water TDS is 314PPM.

ASK Group water sample TDS is 1830×2=3660PPM.

27/04/2022-30/04/2022

sr.no	Time	TDS
1	5:10PM-5:25PM	240PPM
2	5:55PM-6:10PM	194PPM
3	6;25PM-6:40PM	170PPM
4	10:15AM-10:30AM	55PPM
5	11:25AM-11:40AM	50PPM
6	12:10PM-12:25PM	278PPM
7	12:40PM-12:55PM	480PPM
8	1:25PM-1:40PM	790PM

Table no 4: Readings of TDS

03/052022

Collection of the water samples and determine the TDS-

Sr.no	Water sample	TDS
1.	Kitchen tap water	208PPM
2.	Well water	211PPM

Table no 5: Determination of TDS

11/05/2022

Determination of hard water tds

Initial TDS – 1145PPM

pH – 7.24

Sr. no	Time	TDS
1.	3.55 PM – 4.10PM	1046PPM
2.	4.15 PM – 4.30PM	963PPM
3	4.35 PM – 4.50PM	929PPM
4.	4.55 PM – 5.10 PM	1370PPM
5.	5.15 PM -5.30PM	1739PPM
6.	5.45PM – 6.00PM	above 2000PPM

Table no 6 : TDS table

12/05/2022

Shubham Shembade, an old student of Vigyan Ashram in Pabal, met Dixit sir and told him about the hard water in his house.

And the water taps in the house are choked due to hard water of borewell.

Then Dixit sir gave me an idea about it.

Then I started working on it. First I took a water sample and measured the TDS.

Then I checked the LOD ( loss of drying) of that water and checked that TDS comes from it.

After removing the LOD, it came to 587g, from which came 1174ppm TDS.

Then I checked the hardness is as follows,

Permanent Hardness- 668 PPM.

Temporary Hardness- 652 PPM.

Total Hardness- 1320 PPM.

17/05/2022

Checked hardness after applying lime.

Permanent Hardness- 850 PPM.

Temporary Hardness- 150 PPM.

Total Hardness- 1000 PPM.

OBJECTIVE 1: To study the root cause of clogging problems into drip irrigation.

The water in Vigyan Ashram appears to be hard, just as the water level in the well decreases in summer and the increased hardness clogs the drip, so we need to study for that. High amounts of dissolved calcium and magnesium salts can cause scale to form in pipes and appliances, reducing their lifespan.

•Tree roots

•Mineral buildup

•Food waste

•Dirt

•Soap

•Hardness of water

Objective 2: To find find out the preventive methods for clogging problem.

Different methods for reducing hardness and TDS in Water:

1.Reverse Osmosis (R.O.): Reverse Osmosis removes TDS by forcing the water, under pressure, through a synthetic membrane. The membrane contains microscopic pores which will allow only molecules smaller than 0.0001 microns to pass through. As the molecules of dissolved metals and salts are large compared to the water molecules, water squeezes through the membrane leaving the metals and salts behind.

2.Distillation: The process involves boiling water to produce water vapor. The water vapor rises to a cool surface where it is condensed back into the liquid form. The dissolved salts are unable to vaporize and remain in the boiling solution.

3. Deionisation (DI): In this process, water is passed through a positive and negative electrode. The ion-selective membranes enable the positive ions to separate from the water and move towards the negative electrode. The end result is de-ionized water with high purity. However, the water is first passed through a reverse osmosis unit first in order to remove the non-ionic organic contaminants.

4. Lime treatment (Calcium Hydroxide): As compare to others methods, Lime softening, also known as Clark’s process, is a type of water treatment used for water softening which uses the addition of limewater (calcium hydroxide) to remove hardness(calcium and magnesium) ions by precipitation. Lime treatment is a very cheap treatment as compare to other methods.

29/05/2022

From this I suggest design for Vigyan Ashram's drip system

Design for the drip irrigation system :

Fig : Appropriate design for Vigyan Ashram drip system.

2D sketch of the system

fig.: 2D sketch of drip irrigation system for chemigation process.

process flow diagram of drip irrigation for chemigation process:

Major Components of Drip Irrigation System For Chemigation Process–

1.Pump

2. Return valve

3.Venturi

4. Fertilizer tank

5.Pressure valve

6. Sand filter

7. Screen filter

8.Main line

9. Submain line

10. Drip pipe

11. Emitter

Working principal of the system component:

Pump:

Pump station takes water from the source and provides the right pressure for delivery into the pipe system.

Return valve:

Control valves control the discharge and pressure in the entire system.

Fertilizer tank / Venturi:

Fertilizer tank/venturi slowly add a measured dose of fertilizer into the water during irrigation. This is one of the major advantages of drip irrigation over other methods.

Sand filter / Screen filter:

Filtration system cleans the water. Common types of filter include screen filters and graded sand filters which remove fine material suspended in the water.

Mainline, submain line, drip pipe:

Mainlines, submains and laterals supply water from the control head into the fields. They are usually made from PVC or polyethylene hose and should be buried below ground because they easily degrade when exposed to direct solar radiation. Lateral pipes are usually 13-32 mm diameter.

Emitters:

Emitters or drippers are devices used to control the discharge of water from the lateral to the plants. They are usually spaced more than 1 metre apart with one or more emitters used for a single plant such as a tree. For row crops more closely spaced emitters may be used to wet a strip of soil. Many different emitter designs have been produced in recent years. The basis of design is to produce an emitter which will provide a specified constant discharge which does not vary much with pressure changes, and does not block easily.

lime treatment

Ca(HCo₃)₂+Ca(OH)₂→2CaCO₃+2H₂O

The scale on which i took readings is follows:

To get the first readings and check its TDS using calcium hydroxide in 2 liters of sample water as follows:

Sr. No	TDS
1	1060PPM
2	975PPM
3	900PPM
4	835PPM
5	1476PPM
6	1491PPM
7	1532PPM

Table: TDS table

From this I realized that 0.2g of Calcium hydroxide is required for 2 liters of sample water and then I calculated how much it is required for 1000 liters.

For 1000 liter 100g calcium hydroxide required

Procedure of adding lime(calcium hydroxide) drip irrigation system for clogging treatment: